What are the clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

The clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are characterized primarily by irregular menstrual cycles, signs of elevated androgen levels (which can manifest as excess hair growth, acne, or scalp hair thinning), and the presence of polycystic ovaries as observed via ultrasound.

Irregular periods occur due to hormonal imbalances that disrupt the normal ovulation process. Women with PCOS may experience fewer menstrual cycles, prolonged periods, or even amenorrhea. Excess androgen levels contribute to various features often seen in this syndrome, such as hirsutism (excessive hair growth in areas where men typically grow hair), acne, and alopecia (thinning hair). The polycystic ovaries characteristic refers to the presence of multiple small cysts on the ovaries that can be seen during imaging studies, indicating ovarian dysfunction.

Other options do not align with the established clinical picture of PCOS. For instance, excessive thirst and urination are more common with conditions like diabetes, weight loss and decreased appetite could suggest other metabolic or endocrine disorders, and frequent headaches and dizziness are nonspecific symptoms that may not relate directly to PCOS. Thus, understanding the specific trio of symptoms—irregular menstruation, excess androg